Fall 2024

Higgins National Fallen Firefighter Foundation Attributes of Leading is a highly interactive, practical case study-based format that has attendees explore six essential qualities of successful leaders: competence, grit, wellness, trust, humility, and self-regulation.

Tom Kline, Owner, Fire University During this course, trainees will learn about the components and function of each type of fire sprinkler system and fire pump. As a result of this course, the student shall be able to describe various types of water-based, foam fire suppression systems and fire pum…

Patrick W. Bigoss, Lumberton Twp. Fire Official (Ret.), Camden County College, Faculty Coordinator (Ret.) This program provides a review of the development and expansion of Carbon Monoxide Alarm regulations from 1999 through June 2023. The program will review appropriate elements of Chapter 23 of th…

Anthony Correia, President NJ State Fire Chiefs Association 10-15% of what firefighters do involve Hoselines, Halligans, and hydraulic tools. 100% of what firefighters do involve Character, Attitude, and Values, yet we put most of our emphasis on tactical skills, not the people skills we use most of…

Daniel Timmerman NJ Division of Fire Safety This course is required for working Fire Officials and working Fire Inspectors as part of their three- year renewal cycle for re-certification. This seminar was updated in Fall 2023. The course will cover the current adoption of the IFC NJ 2018 edition. It…

Daniel Timmerman NJ Division of Fire Safety This course is required for working Fire Officials and working Fire Inspectors as part of their three- year renewal cycle for re-certification. This seminar was updated in Fall 2023. The course will cover the current adoption of the IFC NJ 2018 edition. It…

Daniel Timmerman NJ Division of Fire Safety This course is required for working Fire Officials and working Fire Inspectors as part of their three- year renewal cycle for re-certification. This seminar was updated in Fall 2023. The course will cover the current adoption of the IFC NJ 2018 edition. It…

Daniel Timmerman NJ Division of Fire Safety This course is required for working Fire Officials and working Fire Inspectors as part of their three- year renewal cycle for re-certification. This seminar was updated in Fall 2023. The course will cover the current adoption of the IFC NJ 2018 edition. It…

Daniel Timmerman NJ Division of Fire Safety This course is required for working Fire Officials and working Fire Inspectors as part of their three- year renewal cycle for re-certification. This seminar was updated in Fall 2023. The course will cover the current adoption of the IFC NJ 2018 edition. It…

Daniel Timmerman NJ Division of Fire Safety This course is required for working Fire Officials and working Fire Inspectors as part of their three- year renewal cycle for re-certification. This seminar was updated in Fall 2023. The course will cover the current adoption of the IFC NJ 2018 edition. It…

Daniel Timmerman NJ Division of Fire Safety This course is required for working Fire Officials and working Fire Inspectors as part of their three- year renewal cycle for re-certification. This seminar was updated in Fall 2023. The course will cover the current adoption of the IFC NJ 2018 edition. It…

Lt. Michael O. McLeieer, Immediate Past President of the Michigan State Firemen's Association This course is intended to familiarize fire operations personnel with the concepts of community risk reduction, stressing their importance in today’s tough economic times. It is more important than ever f…

Lt. Michael O. McLeieer, Immediate Past President of the Michigan State Firemen's Association This course is intended to familiarize fire operations personnel with the concepts of community risk reduction, stressing their importance in today’s tough economic times. It is more important than ever f…

Anthony Correia, President NJ State Fire Chiefs Association Dealing with Difficult Bosses many times negatively impacts employee work performance. They can create a toxic work culture, as well as cause employee stress. In fact, harmful workplace practices are one of the leading causes of stress in t…

Anthony Correia, President NJ State Fire Chiefs Association Dealing with Difficult Bosses many times negatively impacts employee work performance. They can create a toxic work culture, as well as cause employee stress. In fact, harmful workplace practices are one of the leading causes of stress in t…

National Fallen Firefighter Foundation This course is a provocative and moving presentation by the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation, through the Everyone Goes Home® Program, that is designed to change the culture of accepting the loss of firefighters as a normal occurrence.Building on the un…

Steven Mulcahy, Special Agent, WMD Coordinator, Bennet Berkman, Field Intelligence Officer, NJ Division of Fire Safety, NJSFM, and Robert Clark, Fire Captain LFD (Ret.), Field Intelligence Officer (WMD/CBRNE) UCDPS The purpose of this class is to recognize the hazards regarding criminal activity and…

Steven Mulcahy, Special Agent, WMD Coordinator, Bennet Berkman, Field Intelligence Officer, NJ Division of Fire Safety, NJSFM, and Robert Clark, Fire Captain LFD (Ret.), Field Intelligence Officer (WMD/CBRNE) UCDPS The purpose of this class is to recognize the hazards regarding criminal activity and…

Brian Crimmins, New Jersey Career Fire Chiefs Association Cancer, heart disease, diabetes, depression, and obesity are leading firefighter illnesses. Diet and exercise are proven solutions to improve wellness and tactical performance, but the media and the firehouse are filled with contradictory inf…

Brian Crimmins, New Jersey Career Fire Chiefs Association Cancer, heart disease, diabetes, depression, and obesity are leading firefighter illnesses. Diet and exercise are proven solutions to improve wellness and tactical performance, but the media and the firehouse are filled with contradictory inf…

Brian Crimmins, New Jersey Career Fire Chiefs Association Cancer, heart disease, diabetes, depression, and obesity are leading firefighter illnesses. Diet and exercise are proven solutions to improve wellness and tactical performance, but the media and the firehouse are filled with contradictory inf…

Michael J. Corbo, Director (Ret), Atlantic County Fire Academy This one day course is required for anyone wishing to obtain or renew a Drill Ground Instructor Certification issued by the Division of Fire Safety.  The intent of this course is to ensure that instructors understand the safety issues a…

Michael J. Corbo, Director (Ret), Atlantic County Fire Academy This one day course is required for anyone wishing to obtain or renew a Drill Ground Instructor Certification issued by the Division of Fire Safety.  The intent of this course is to ensure that instructors understand the safety issues a…

Michael J. Corbo, Director (Ret), Atlantic County Fire Academy This one day course is required for anyone wishing to obtain or renew a Drill Ground Instructor Certification issued by the Division of Fire Safety.  The intent of this course is to ensure that instructors understand the safety issues a…

Michael J. Corbo, Director (Ret), Atlantic County Fire Academy This one day course is required for anyone wishing to obtain or renew a Drill Ground Instructor Certification issued by the Division of Fire Safety.  The intent of this course is to ensure that instructors understand the safety issues a…

Michele Shedlock, Chubb Risk Engineering Center Project Team Lead This session is a mix of classroom and hands-on demonstrations that review the components and operation of the dry, pre-action, and deluge sprinkler systems. Fire detection systems will be reviewed, including how they interact with th…

Patrick W. Bigoss, Lumberton Twp. Fire Official (Ret.), Camden County College, Faculty Coordinator (Ret.) This program reviews the basis for the Fire Official annual budget Preparation The concept of budgeting will be fully developed with comparisons and requirements for Government budgets contraste…

Ronald E. Kanterman, Executive Inspector, FDNY-Bureau of Fire Prevention Work smarter not harder. Commercial buildings present many challenges during a fire fight but knowing what they have to offer will make your job easier and safer. This class reviews and discusses the built-in active and passive…

Michele Shedlock, Chubb Risk Engineering Center Project Team Lead This one-day training is a combination of classroom and hands-on demonstrations focusing on fire detection and alarm systems. Initiating devices, control units, notification devices, and inspection & testing of NFPA 72 are discussed. …

Vincent Campagna, NJ Division of Fire Safety This course will identify the importance of Fire Incident Report Writing. How to properly document and articulate your fire incident including how to write a narrative. Report writing skills to include who, what, where, when, why, how and C.A.R.T (Complet…

Vincent Campagna, NJ Division of Fire Safety This course will identify the importance of Fire Incident Report Writing. How to properly document and articulate your fire incident including how to write a narrative. Report writing skills to include who, what, where, when, why, how and C.A.R.T (Complet…

Vincent Campagna, NJ Division of Fire Safety This course will identify the importance of Fire Incident Report Writing. How to properly document and articulate your fire incident including how to write a narrative. Report writing skills to include who, what, where, when, why, how and C.A.R.T (Complet…

Matt Krynski, Instructor, Middlesex County Fire Academy Students must contact IFSTA to order the Fire and Emergency Services Instructor, 9th Edition publication prior to the first session of the class. This class begins at 7:30 p.m. Students must check the course brochure at www.keanfiresafety.com f…

Matt Krynski, Instructor, Middlesex County Fire Academy Students must contact IFSTA to order the Fire and Emergency Services Instructor, 9th Edition publication prior to the first session of the class. This class begins at 7:30 p.m. Students must check the course brochure at www.keanfiresafety.com f…

Michael J. Corbo, Director (Ret), Atlantic County Fire Academy Students must contact IFSTA to order the Fire and Emergency Services Instructor, 9th Edition publication prior to the first session of the class. This class begins at 6:30 p.m. Students must check the course brochure at www.keanfiresafet…

Adrian J. Cales, Asset Protection Manager, Public Service Enterprise Group, Detective Sergeant (Ret.), Arson Investigations Unit, Bergen County Prosecutor’s Office This program is designed to provide the student with a thorough, comprehensive and complete understanding of the properties of propane…

Michele Shedlock, Chubb Risk Engineering Center Project Team Lead This session is a mix of classroom and hands-on demonstrations that review automatic fire pumps including drivers, controllers, and various other components. Hands-on activities include annual fire pump test on the electric booster pu…

James A. Kirsch, MPA, EFO, Captain (Retired) / Partner, Dominion Emergency Service Consultants With the increasing use of New Jersey for television and film production, any fire department or fire prevention bureau may have to deal with production companies operating in their jurisdiction. This is t…

James A. Kirsch, MPA, EFO, Captain (Retired) / Partner, Dominion Emergency Service Consultants With the increasing use of New Jersey for television and film production, any fire department or fire prevention bureau may have to deal with production companies operating in their jurisdiction. This is t…

John Hueston, Jr., Director of the Middletown Twp. Fire Academy and Instructor at the Monmouth County Fire Academy The “Firefighter 2 Extrication Skills – Enhancing the Instruction” course will review the curriculum, job performance requirements, and applicable standards of Chapter 24 (Vehicle…

Paul T. Dansbach, Fire Marshal, Borough of Rutherford  This course will present timely and up to date material covering fundamental design and water supply requirements for automatic sprinkler and standpipe systems including when and why building fire pumps are required. The participants will be ab…

Paul T. Dansbach, Fire Marshal, Borough of Rutherford  This course will present timely and up to date material covering fundamental design and water supply requirements for automatic sprinkler and standpipe systems including when and why building fire pumps are required. The participants will be ab…

Paul T. Dansbach, Fire Marshal, Borough of Rutherford  This course will present the requirements for Use Group Classifications in the NJ Uniform Fire Code, the NJ Uniform Construction Code, and the relationship between these two sets of codes. Additionally, the course will provide detailed informat…

Paul T. Dansbach, Fire Marshal, Borough of Rutherford  This course will present the requirements for Use Group Classifications in the NJ Uniform Fire Code, the NJ Uniform Construction Code, and the relationship between these two sets of codes. Additionally, the course will provide detailed informat…

Robert V. Hill, Sr., Director (Ret.), Rowan College South Jersey / Fire Academy New Jersey employers are required to provide training and education on the topic of recognizing and preventing workplace harassment and discrimination to both supervision and members of the workforce. Additionally, emplo…

Robert V. Hill, Sr., Director (Ret.), Rowan College South Jersey / Fire Academy New Jersey employers are required to provide training and education on the topic of recognizing and preventing workplace harassment and discrimination to both supervision and members of the workforce. Additionally, emplo…

Chief Brian Bennett, PhD Lithium metal and Lithium-ion batteries are found everywhere in today’s society. Fire Inspectors should be familiar with the types of lithium batteries and their associated hazards. This class will include information on battery basics, battery technology, storage systems,…

Chief Brian Bennett, PhD Lithium metal and Lithium-ion batteries are found everywhere in today’s society. Fire Inspectors should be familiar with the types of lithium batteries and their associated hazards. This class will include information on battery basics, battery technology, storage systems,…

Chief Brian Bennett, PhD Flammable and Combustible liquids are the most commonly encountered hazardous material, and they are found in all types of occupancies. Chapter 57 of the Fire Code covers Flammable and Combustible Liquids. This class will introduce the industry practices for safely handling …

Chief Brian Bennett, PhD Flammable and Combustible liquids are the most commonly encountered hazardous material, and they are found in all types of occupancies. Chapter 57 of the Fire Code covers Flammable and Combustible Liquids. This class will introduce the industry practices for safely handling …

Chief Brian Bennett, PhD Fire Inspectors must have a working knowledge of the terms used in the fire codes in order to fully understand the risks posed by hazardous materials they may encounter. Being conversant with these terms will also be helpful in interpreting the data presented in Safety Data …

Chief Brian Bennett, PhD Fire Inspectors must have a working knowledge of the terms used in the fire codes in order to fully understand the risks posed by hazardous materials they may encounter. Being conversant with these terms will also be helpful in interpreting the data presented in Safety Data …

Andrew Fosina, Jr BS, CFPS, Fire Official, Hopewell Valley Bureau of Fire Safety The course will review the Uniform Fire Code and NJ IFC 2015 inspection requirements. Explore the role of the AHJ in this heavily regulated industry and other regulatory agencies.

Andrew Fosina, Jr BS, CFPS, Fire Official, Hopewell Valley Bureau of Fire Safety The course will review the Uniform Fire Code and NJ IFC 2015 inspection requirements. Explore the role of the AHJ in this heavily regulated industry and other regulatory agencies.

Jack J. Murphy, Fire Marshal Ret. Fmr. Leonia Deputy Chief and the New York City Fire Life Safety Directors Association, Past Chairman The course will review the NJ Uniform Fire Building Codes NEW 2018 Editions which are impacting high-rise buildings. Explore essential tall building guidelines to ma…

Jack J. Murphy, Fire Marshal Ret. Fmr. Leonia Deputy Chief and the New York City Fire/Life Safety Directors Association, Past Chairman The course will review the NJ Uniform Fire Building Codes NEW 2018 Editions which are impacting high-rise buildings. Explore essential tall building guidelines to ma…

Dr. David Griffin, Assistant Chief, Charleston (SC) Fire Department, Melissa Griffin, COO, On A Mission, LLC Spousal Support is essential in emergency services. This course focuses on methods that the emergency responder and their spouse can utilize to progress through their lives together in a posi…

Chief Brian Bennett, PhD We go to great lengths to ensure the safety of our firefighters when operating on the fireground. Do we have the same concern for safety during firefighter training? Over the past 10 years, the fire service has suffered an average of 8 line of duty deaths per year during tra…

Chief Christopher J. Naum, SFPE, Chief of Training Command Institute, Center for Fireground Leadership, Technical Consultant NIOSH Firefighter Line of Duty Death Investigation Program

Paul T. Dansbach, Fire Marshal, Borough of Rutherford  This class was previously presented as Inspection and Testing of Water Based Fire Protection Systems in two parts. The class will focus on the Inspection, Test and Maintenance (ITM) requirements of NFPA 25-17 including how to properly cite viol…

Paul T. Dansbach, Fire Marshal, Borough of Rutherford  This class was previously presented as Inspection and Testing of Water Based Fire Protection Systems in two parts. The class will focus on the Inspection, Test and Maintenance (ITM) requirements of NFPA 25-17 including how to properly cite viol…

John Jeffers, Instructor, Fire University Trainees will take an in-depth look at NFPA 25. Through this course, individuals will gain a refresher on the use of a codebook and how to apply the NFPA 25 code to their daily work. After completing this course, the trainee will be better prepared, from a …

David J. Davis, NFSA State Coordinator and Frank Ellis, NFSA State Coordinator This comprehensive course is designed to equip firefighters and fire inspectors with essential knowledge and skills related to fire pumps and the NFPA 20 standard. As crucial components of fire protection systems, fire pu…

Francis Ellis and David Davis, New Jersey Fire Sprinkler Advisory Board This program strives to ensure department personnel are trained in proper firefighting techniques for buildings with activated sprinkler systems. Success depends on multiple factors, such as the type of system and the reason for…

Ronald E. Kanterman, Executive Inspector, FDNY-Bureau of Fire Prevention Training today’s leaders for tomorrow’s challenges. This program navigates participants through tried and true methods of leadership and through different aspects of the science. We cover: developing yourself, developing yo…

Higgins National Fallen Firefighter Foundation A course of the Everyone Goes Home® Program of the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation designed to assist in the reduction of LODDs utilizing a series of case studies. Each study will include what happened, why it happened, what could have avoided …

Claudia A. Monte, Principal, Consultant, CAM Consulting Group, LLC Leadership is a journey of continual learning and growth. We gain wisdom from the advice of others, respectful exchange of ideas, and shared experiences. In this class, we will discuss insights from various thought leaders who guided…

Claudia A. Monte, Principal, Consultant, CAM Consulting Group, LLC Leadership is a journey of continual learning and growth. We gain wisdom from the advice of others, respectful exchange of ideas, and shared experiences. In this class, we will discuss insights from various thought leaders who guided…

National Fallen Firefighter Foundation

Michael J. Corbo, Director (Ret), Atlantic County Fire Academy This course will provide students with the opportunity to look at the leadership qualities they already possess and the qualities they need to develop to become better leaders. We will examine the 11 characteristics that effective leader…

Michael J. Corbo, Director (Ret), Atlantic County Fire Academy This course will provide students with the opportunity to look at the leadership qualities they already possess and the qualities they need to develop to become better leaders. We will examine the 11 characteristics that effective leader…

Robert G. Moran, Fire Chief, Brewster, MA and John J. Lewis, Lieutenant (Ret.) City of Passaic FD and Bergen County Fire Academy “Leading From The Front Seat” used to be a term reserved for company officers whose main mission was supervising those subordinates riding on his or her fire apparatus…

Lithium-Ion Batteries are everywhere in our world today. Many of the devices we hold dear operate only due to these types of battery chemistry. However, as responders, we know that fires and emergencies involving them have resulted in changes in our tactics, methodology and equipment to mitigate the…

Lithium-Ion Batteries are everywhere in our world today. Many of the devices we hold dear operate only due to these types of battery chemistry. However, as responders, we know that fires and emergencies involving them have resulted in changes in our tactics, methodology and equipment to mitigate the…

Chief Christopher J. Naum, SFPE, Chief of Training Command Institute, Center for Fireground Leadership, Technical Consultant NIOSH Firefighter Line of Duty Death Investigation Program

Ronald E. Kanterman, Executive Inspector, FDNY-Bureau of Fire Prevention Based on the book of the same title authored by Chief Kanterman, topics covered are: chemistry of pyrotechnics, required documentation, permits and other code requirements, site inspections, set-up, transportation, multi-agency…

Bob Disbrow, IAAI-CFI, Fire Captain/Investigator and Robert Seeburger, Battalion Chief Special Operations Command This administrative course is designed for fire officials, inspectors, and fire investigators. It teaches the tools necessary to manage a local enforcing agency/fire investigation unit. …

Timothy Paar, Dwayne Breeden, William Hendrickson, Anthony Doyley, Stacy Weaver, and Isaiah Goldsby of the NJ Division of Fire Safety This administrative course is designed for local fire officials and inspectors to focus on the principal responsibilities in managing a local enforcing agency through…

Timothy Paar, Dwayne Breeden, William Hendrickson, Anthony Doyley, Stacy Weaver, and Isaiah Goldsby of the NJ Division of Fire Safety This administrative course is designed for local fire officials and inspectors to focus on the principal responsibilities in managing a local enforcing agency through…

Bob Disbrow, IAAI-CFI, Fire Captain/Investigator and Robert Seeburger, Battalion Chief Special Operations Command Students will discuss Command & Control of a Mayday Event on the fireground. The course will give the IC the tools to command & control the scene. It will also provide the IC with the to…

Forest Herndon Jr, Owner, MERE M-PACT Solutions Marine Firefighting is unarguably one of the most challenging of all firefighter disciplines. The incident complexity may vary, but in most cases, success is determined by the responders’ level of preparation, training and general knowledge associate…

Forest Herndon Jr, Owner, MERE M-PACT Solutions Marine Firefighting is unarguably one of the most challenging of all firefighter disciplines. The incident complexity may vary, but in most cases, success is determined by the responders’ level of preparation, training and general knowledge associate…

Paul T. Dansbach, Fire Marshal, Borough of Rutherford  This class will present information based on the updated 2018 Edition of the NJIFC. The inspection and proper maintenance of all fire protection systems is a paramount concern for all fire inspectors. Information will be presented on the requir…

Paul T. Dansbach, Fire Marshal, Borough of Rutherford  This class will present information based on the updated 2018 Edition of the NJIFC. The inspection and proper maintenance of all fire protection systems is a paramount concern for all fire inspectors. Information will be presented on the requir…

Adrian J. Cales, Asset Protection Manager, Public Service Enterprise Group, Detective Sergeant (Ret.), Arson Investigations Unit, Bergen County Prosecutor’s Office This program is designed to provide the student with a thorough, comprehensive and complete format for the examination of a fire scene…

Adrian J. Cales, Asset Protection Manager, Public Service Enterprise Group, Detective Sergeant (Ret.), Arson Investigations Unit, Bergen County Prosecutor’s Office As a fire service professional, it is inevitable that you will be called upon to make a departmental presentation, provide instruction…

James A. Kirsch, MPA, EFO, Captain (Retired) / Partner, Dominion Emergency Service Consultants This course will review statistics, case studies, and personal experiences to bring an awareness to fire service instructors of the problem of firefighter injuries and deaths during training. Data from fir…

Chief Brian Bennett, PhD According to the US Fire Administration, an average of 8 firefighters per year were lost in the line of duty during training over the past 10 years. LODDs are tragic, and it is incumbent upon the fire service to learn about the facts and circumstances and implement correctiv…

Michael Scardino, Fire Chief/Fire Official (Ret.) Winslow Twp. Fire Department Principles of Modern Construction is a refresher for the veteran firefighter/inspector, and a primer for the newest member. It is designed to create an appetite for future construction study, emphasizing both the value an…

Michael Scardino, Fire Chief/Fire Official (Ret.) Winslow Twp. Fire Department Principles of Modern Construction is a refresher for the veteran firefighter/inspector, and a primer for the newest member. It is designed to create an appetite for future construction study, emphasizing both the value an…

Chief Brian Bennett, PhD Fire Investigators and Fire Inspectors face many potential safety and health hazards. This class will identify common safety and health issues that investigators and inspectors may face while performing their job and recommend precautions that can be taken to ensure their sa…

Chief Brian Bennett, PhD Fire Investigators and Fire Inspectors face many potential safety and health hazards. This class will identify common safety and health issues that investigators and inspectors may face while performing their job and recommend precautions that can be taken to ensure their sa…

Thomas Dunne, Deputy Chief, New York City Fire Dept. This class is designed to help you function safely and effectively in a stressful environment. It is based on lessons learned from many years of managing fire and emergency operations with the New York City Fire Department. Channelized attention, …

Patrick W. Bigoss, Lumberton Twp. Fire Official (Ret.), Camden County College, Faculty Coordinator (Ret.) This course will provide an overview of Smoke Alarms in residential applications. We will cover New Jersey requirements with focus on one-and two-family dwellings. Current technology will be rev…

Joseph Vallo, Battalion Chief (Ret), Jersey City Fire Department, Chief of Training, On The Job Fire-Rescue This course is a Strategy and Tactics Fire Fighting and Rescue Operations program designed for understanding basic Solar Power engineering and to identify solar powered systems. The program is…

Joseph Vallo, Battalion Chief (Ret), Jersey City Fire Department, Chief of Training, On The Job Fire-Rescue This course is a Strategy and Tactics Fire Fighting and Rescue Operations program designed for understanding basic Solar Power engineering and to identify solar powered systems. The program is…

Michele Shedlock, Chubb Risk Engineering Center Project Team Lead This one-day interactive training offers a mixture of classroom and hands-on live demonstrations bringing standpipe systems processes and exposures to life. NFPA 14, IBC and NFPA 25 will be discussed as well as installation and testin…

Claudia A. Monte, Principal, Consultant, CAM Consulting Group, LLC There are leaders and there are those who lead. Leaders hold a position of power or influence. Those who lead inspire us to take action. This is the basic premise of the book, Start with Why, by Simon Sinek. His model of the Golden C…

Claudia A. Monte, Principal, Consultant, CAM Consulting Group, LLC There are leaders and there are those who lead. Leaders hold a position of power or influence. Those who lead inspire us to take action. This is the basic premise of the book, Start with Why, by Simon Sinek. His model of the Golden C…

Anthony Avillo, Deputy Chief (ret.) North Hudson Regional Fire & Rescue This course covers the 13 points of size up and how they relate to the fire ground as well as their relationship to scene reporting, especially the arrival report. Specific examples of size up concerns and their strategic impact…